1. critical aspect of daily "life" in the hospital?
* The human head can serve as a lossy resonator for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the cellular telephone, absorbing much of the energy specifically from these wavelengths.
2. maturation of the 802.11 standards? (collectively known as Wi-Fi)
* Are the 802.11 "cellular killer standards"? (collectively known as Wi-Fi)
Wi-Fi, Health Care, and HIPAA: WLAN Management in the Modern Hospital
Wireless networking has quickly become a critical aspect of daily life in the hospital IT environment. With the maturation of the 802.11 standards (collectively known as Wi-Fi), hospital staff can remain connected to their critical systems regardless of their location in a facility. Additionally, a new breed of mobile applications has evolved that provide caregivers and administrators with on-demand access to the information and systems they need to better serve their patients. This has led to an increase both in the accuracy and efficiency of hospital operations, which has in turn led to patients that are more satisfied and better served.
Effect of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and the level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA)--in vitro study
Stopczyk D, Gnitecki W, Buczynski A, Markuszewski L, Buczynski J.
Zakladu Medycyny Zapobiegawczej i Promocji Zdrowia, Wojskowej Akademii Medycznej w Lodzi. e-mail: darstop@poczta.onet.pl
The aim of the study was to assess in vitro the effect of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and the level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) in human blood platelets.
The suspension of blood platelets was exposed to the electromagnetic field with the frequency of 900 MHz for 1, 3, 5, and 7 min.
Our studies demonstrated that microwaves produced by mobiles significantly depleted SOD-1 activity after 1, 5, and 7 min of exposure and increased after 3 min in comparison with the control test. There was a significant increase in the concentration of MDA after 1, 5, and 7 min and decrease after 3 min of exposure as compared with the control test. On the grounds of our results we conclude that oxidative stress after exposure to microwaves may be the reason for many adverse changes in cells and may cause a number of systemic disturbances in the human body.
THE HEAD AS AN ANTENNA AND BRAIN TISSUE AS A RADIO RECEIVER.
Weinberger Z, Richter ED.
Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
Abstract:
Headache and other neuropsychological symptoms occur in users of cellular telephones, and controversy exists concerning risks for brain cancer.
We hypothesize these effects result from the head serving as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver. The frequencies for transmission and reception by cellular telephones, about 900MHz for analog and 1800MHz for digital transmission, have wavelengths of 33-35 and 16-17cm, respectively.
Human heads are oval in shape with a short axis about 16 to 17cm in length. Near the ear there will be a cross-section in the head with an axis half the wavelength of RF/MW transmissions of 900MHz and equal to the wavelength of RF/MW transmissions at 1800MHz.
Therefore, the human head can serve as a lossy resonator for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the cellular telephone, absorbing much of the energy specifically from these wavelengths.
Brain cells and tissues demodulate the cell-phone's audio frequencies from the radio frequency carrier. Low audio frequencies in the ranges of alpha and beta waves affect these waves and thereby influence brain function.
These effects state the case for a precautionary policy.
Neue Studie aus Polen: Biologische Schädlichkeit von Mobilfunkstrahlung erneut bewiesen - oxidativer Stress siehe auch weitere polnische Beiträge: Mobilfunkbasisstationen schaden der Gesundheit
Quelle: Pubmed, Med Pr. 2002;53(4):311-4. Polish. PMID: 12474410
Oxidativer Stress durch Mikrowellenstrahlung mögliche Ursache für viele negative Zellveränderungen und eine Vielzahl von systemischen Störungen im menschlichen Körper.
Weiteres wichtiges Schlüsselergebniss zum Wirkungsmechanismus der Krebserzeugung durch Mobilfunkstrahlung.
Abstrakt der Studie: (Deutsch):
Ziel der Studie war es, an Zellkulturen in vitro die Wirkung des von Mobiltelefonen produzierten elektromagnetischen Feldes auf die Aktivität von Superoxid-Dismutase (SOD-1) und den Anteil von Malondialdehyd (MDA) in menschlichen Blutplättchen (Thrombozyten) zu prüfen. Die Blutplättchen-Suspension wurde 1, 3, 5 und 7 Minuten mit Mikrowellen (900 MHz, heutige GSM-Mobilfunk-Frequenz/D-Netz) bestrahlt. Die Studie bewies, dass die von Mobiltelefonen ausgehenden Mikrowellen die SOD-1-Aktivität nach 1, 5 und 7 Minuten Exposition signifikant stark reduzierte und nach 3 Minuten erhöhte - im Vergleich zum Kontrolltest. Nach 1,5 und 7 Minuten gab es eine signifikante Erhöhung der MDA-Konzentration und eine Abnahme nach 3 Minuten im Vergleich zum Kontroll-Test. Die Wissenschaftler folgerten aus ihren Studienergebnissen, dass oxidativer Stress nach Mikrowellen-Exposition der Grund für viele negative Zellveränderungen sein könne und eine Vielzahl von systemischen Störungen im menschlichen Körper verursachen könne.
Hintergrund:
Die medizinische Zeitschrift Praxis - Wissenschaft - Originalia äußerte in ihrer Ausgabe 7/97 bereits:
"Das antioxidative Potential des Organismus ist vorrangigstes Überlebensprinzip und entscheidet weitgehend und unmittelbar über Gesundheit oder Krankheit."
Superoxid-Dismutase:
Ein sehr wichtiges Anti-Oxidanz-Enzym. Primärer enzymatischer Fänger für freie Radikale. Es gibt Mangan-Superoxid-Dismutase in Mitochondrien und cystosolische Kupfer-Zink-Dismutase mit exrazellulären Formen in Blut, Lymphen und anderen Körperflüssigkeiten. Superoxid-Ionen werden durch die mitochondriale Atmung, aktivierte Leukocyten, Mikrosomen, toxische Chemikalien und Strahlung in den lebenden Zellen produziert. Superoxid-Dismutase sorgt für den 200fach schnelleren Spontanzerfall von Superoxid. Der Bildung von hochaggressivem Singulett-Sauerstoff, Hydroxyl-Radikalen und anderen reaktiven Sauerstoff-Radikalen wird wirksam vorgebeugt.
Malondialdehyd - ein Marker für den oxidativen Stress der Zelle
Der menschliche Organismus ist in der modernen Gesellschaft einer Vielzahl Belastungen aus seiner Umwelt ausgesetzt, die hohe Anforderungen an die antioxidativ wirkenden Systeme des Körpers stellen. Durch UV-Strahlung und verschiedenste Noxen werden in den Zellen eine große Menge freier Radikale freigesetzt. Eine Überproduktion von Sauerstoffradikalen oder unzureichende antioxidative Abwehrmechanismen führen im Organismus zu einem vermehrten Auftreten von pathologischen Abbauprodukten, die zu schweren Zellschädigungen führen können. Vorzeitiges Altern und Krankheiten (Diabetes mellitus, Krebs) können sich in der Folge einstellen.
Durch die Oxidation ungesättigter Fettsäuren der Zellmembran werden im Organismus unterschiedlichste Hydroperoxide gebildet. Diese sind chemisch instabil und zerfallen in Aldehyde. Ein besonderes unter diesen stellt das Malondialdehyd (MDA) dar, da es die Eigenschaft hat, Proteine und Lipide zu vernetzen.
Malondialdehyd stellt damit einen Marker dar, der anzeigt, inwieweit das antioxidative System eines Patienten mit der einwirkenden oxidativen Belastung zurechtkommt. Oxidativer Streß führt zu einer verstärkten Lipidoxidation in der Zelle und damit zum Ansteigen der Konzentration von MDA.
Solche erhöhten Werte weisen darauf hin, daß ein oder mehrere Faktoren der antioxidativen Regulation überlastet sind und ein Eingreifen erforderlich wird. An dieser Stelle sollte nach Möglichkeiten der Veränderung der Lebensweise (Rauchen, Ernährung, Wohn-/Arbeitsumfeld) gesucht und eventuelle Schwachstellen in der antioxidativen Abwehr (Vitamine, Spurenelemente) diagnostiziert und gegebenenfalls ausgeglichen werden.
Im Anschluß an eine Therapie läßt sich durch die Bestimmung des Malondialdehyd bei sinkenden Werten ein Erfolg der eingeleiteten Maßnahmen belegen.
zur Interpretation:
Deutlich erhöhte Werte für MDA werden vor allem bei terminaler Niereninsuffizienz, septischem Schock, Schwangeren, bei Einnahme von Antikontrazeptiva, akuter Pankreatitis und Myokardinfarkt beobachtet. Allgemein nimmt der MDA-Spiegel mit zunehmendem Alter zu. Fast alle Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen (Rauchen, Adipositas usw.) manifestieren sich auch in erhöhten Konzentrationen von Malondialdehyd.
Zuweilen werden geringfügig erniedrigte Konzentrationen beobachtet. Hier scheint ein Mangel an ungesättigten freien Fettsäuren zu einem geringeren Gesamtumsatz zu führen. In diesen Fällen sollten andere Wege zur Diagnose des oxidativen Stress (z.B. die Messung des Antioxidantienstatus, vgl. Info 28) beschritten werden.
Die Messung von Malondialdehyd (MDA) hat sich als anerkannte Methode etabliert, die Zerstörung von Lipidstrukturen durch Freie Radikale in vivo zu quantifizieren (siehe: http://oego.or.at/co/co_vii_3.htm).
A surprising story on tonight's "A Current Affair" had a prominent (and brave) Australian neurosurgeon actually admitting on national TV that an alarming increase in children's brain cancers may be connected with mobile phone use (and exposure to other sources of EMF). Lets hope he does not become a target for the Telcos as others have, such as Stan Barnett and Peter French. With Motorola effectively controlling cell phone research in Australia it will be interesting to watch their unholy spin as a result of the following.
With the current population of Australia running at about 85% cell phone ownership watch those brain tumour rates increase in direct proportion to cell phone profits!
Brain tumours: the silent killer
7 June 2004
Reporter: Ray Martin
Dr Charlie Teo - a pre-eminent neurosurgeon is at the cutting edge - literally - of a 21 per cent increase in children's brain tumours. He's curious about the effect mobile phones and Electro Magnetic Radiation [EMR] may be having on these statistics, and has issued a warning to parents to be aware...
So cautious is Dr Teo, the subject of his 12-year-old daughter having a mobile phone in their family, he confesses, is a sore point. "The argument for her having a mobile phone was there are some benefits of it and that is in emergency situations, but she has promised me - she is a very sensible girl - she will use a loudspeaker facility all the time," he says.
Dr Teo has every right to be nervous; it is his personal belief that there may be an association between EMR and the development of brain cancer. And while he is not seeking to be alarmist, he does want people to be more aware, especially with children.
It's a belief backed up by Senator Lyn Allison, who spent a year listening to the scientists to find out what the risks are. She discovered there is very good reason to worry. "We're all a bit awash now in radio frequency and radio waves generally and we are not altogether sure what effect that has on us,' she says. Senator Allison says that the fact that brain tumour is now the number one life-threatening disease for children - above leukaemia - is consistent with studies in Europe and the UK.
"[These studies show] there has been a 40 per cent across-the-board increase in the number of brain tumours in the past 20 years," she explains, "now that 20 years has coincided with the use of mobile phone and many other radio frequencies..." And the thickness of a person's skull, according to scientific studies read by Senator Allison, can also distinguish levels of vulnerability. "Scientists say that the thickness of the skull in children makes a difference, it is quite thin compared with adults and there is more brain fluid - which means that the radiofrequencies can travel through the brain more easily," she says.
Dr Teo offers more specific evidence of patients whose tumours correspond with their use of mobile phones."When patients come in with a brain cancer, I often say to them, "your cancer was on the right side of the brain, it is in the area just above your ear, can you tell me if you feel that you have had more exposure than most people to mobile phones," and I am surprised that most people say, "yes I have used my phone continuously for the last seven years and it is always stuck to my ear on this side..." well that is where the cancer is.
Canberra parents Geoff and Denise O'Connell have had their own personal experience of these statistics. They lost their seven-year-old daughter Kessia to a brain tumour. Their own research has made them aware of the risks associated with exposure to EMR. "I wouldn't move in next to a telecom tower or mobile phone tower and certainly if there were heavy duty electrical wires I would be very uncomfortable," says Geoff.
An article in the Danish engineering mag., "ingeniøren" reports on a Swedish professor, Bo. E. Sernelius at Linkøping University, who has done a theoretical study on mobile phonel effects on the brain. The article is entitled" can mobiletelefony cause brain cells to glue together?"--was published in Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics« which is published by the Royal Sociey of Chemistry in the UK.
See further info on their website under "hot articles":
Hi Klaus: With "World Wide Waves" premiering at Moscow's International Film Festival, in a few weeks time, it is apt to draw attention again to the cited opinion of the Russian National Committee on Non-Iniozing radiation Protection (RNCNIRP) regards bioeffects of cellphone radiation. Among the recommendations the RNCNIRP approved at its September 2001 session were these:
"1.1 Non-use of cell phones by children under the age of 16
1.2 Non-use of cell phones by pregnant women.
1.3 Non-use of cell phones by persons suffering from neurological conditions or diseases, including neurasthenia or dysthymic disorders, mental disorders, neuroses, intellectual and memory impariment, sleep disorders, epilepsy, and epileptic predisposition." (excerpted)
Dr. Vladimir N. Binhi, head of the Radiobiology Laboratory at the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, in his letter of February 2003 captioned "Report from Russia--Electromagnetic Fields and Human Health" states:
"The U.S. standards and those proposed by WHO are 100 times more lenient, depending on frequency range, than the Russian standards, which are based on the observed biological effects of chronic EM exposures. There are a lot of similar gaps in EM safety standards in other countries, too. It indicates that the standards should be harmonized; people are equal in their wish to be in a healthy environment."(excerpted)
To locate online the "Report from Russia" plus proceedings of the third international conference in Russia of EMF and Human Health access http://www.emrnetwork.org .Then press on the "Regulations" box along left vertical margin. When opened, scroll to "International" and click on "Report from Russia--Electromagnetic Fields and Human Health by Vladimir N. Binhi."
OR
access http://www.protestsussexfromtetra.org.uk/articles.asp
and then press on this article from home page.
Another useful reference to Russian research (all far more favourable to us and the idea of us being affected non-thermally) is at: http://www.pole.com.ru/news_en.htm
Das veröffentlichte Gutachten von Professor Semm finde ich sehr interessant, wenn auch reichlich knapp und keineswegs umfassend. Es ist leicht ein solches Werk zu zerpflücken oder zu kritisieren, und Kritik muss es auch stand halten können wenn es gegen landläufige "Weisheiten" für irgend etwas taugen soll. Ich bitte daher meine folgende Kritik als Konstruktiv zu werten. Konstruktiv um Schwachpunkte oder Versäumnisse zu offenbaren, und Korrekturen zu ermöglichen bzw. anzuregen.
Ich selbst bin Techniker, auch D.Sc. und habe zwar seit Jahre ein gesteigertes Interesse, aber dennoch völlig laienhaftes Verständnis der Biologie. Die seltene Paarung eben dieser Interessen brachte mir Patente ein, aber auch reichlich Ärger. Beispielsweise wenn dadurch Zusammenhänge offenbar werden, die andere hoch studierte Zeitgenossen wegen eines leider allzuoft aquierierten "Scheuklappenblicks" nicht erkennen mögen und standhaft leugnen, ähnlich wie stampfende Kleinkinder.
Herr Prof. Semm ist offenbar von der biologischen Seite an das Problem getreten. Ich bewundere seinen Mut. Wissenschaftler die sowohl Biologie oder Neurologie einerseits, als auch Physik oder Elektronik oder zumindest technische Modulationstherorie andererseits beherrschen sind äussert selten. Entsprechend selten sind solche fachübergreifende Arbeiten, sieht man von den wenigen erst Jahrzehnte später bekanntgewordenen militärischen Untersuchungen ab. Diese allerdings bestätigen die Wirkung elektromagnetischer Felder als "penetrates and puts all organ systems at risk.. produce stimulation similar to electrical stimulation with mild to severe physiological disruption or perceptual distotion or disorientation. For dealing with ... antipersonell techniques in tactical warfare".
Im Gutachten erscheint die Wahl und Verwendung technischer Begriffe und die "Statements" zu technische Dinge etwas Laienhaft:
Der Abstrakt nennt: "Die ... Schwelle für EM-Beeienflussung .. liegt bei 200nW/cm."
Etwa in der Mitte des Papiers." Die neuronalen Reaktionen ... 0.00004 mW/cm².
Bereits 1962 in den Untersuchungen von Frey wurde festgestellt, dass die Wahrnehmungsgrenze/Reizschwelle nicht nur von der Modulation, sondern auch von der Spitzenleistung (momentanwert) des Aussenders abhängt, aber eben nicht von dessen Effektivleistung. Die Effektivleistung ist die Momentanleistung des auftretenden Pulses oder Trägers mal Zeit inklusive aller eventueller Sendepausen zwischen den Pulsen bzw innerhalb des Meßzeitraums . Ein Beispiel aus der Praxis: Die Taktzeiten Senden/Pause von 1:8 oder 1:16 beim "Handy" lassen die Effektivleistung eben um diesen Faktor minderbewertet werden. Die Maßeinheit "Energie pro Fläche" ist somit völlig untauglich für jegliche athermische Effekte. Lediglich für thermische Effekte ist ein solches Maß zu gebrauchen. Leider werden allgemein üblichen Grenzwerte auf dieser völlig veralteten Art gemessen, als ob es nur thermische Auswirkungen gäbe.
Da der Mensch (und Tier) für gepulste EM (athermisch!) besonders empfindlich ist, sind Grenzwertangaben in Spitzenleistung (Peak Power) erforderlich. Diese würden auch wegen des anderen Meßverfahrens zwingend zu erheblichst reduzierten Maximalwerten führen müssen.
Ich möchte dies hier nicht weiter ausführen. Die beiden letzten der folgenden Literaturhinweise sind besonders interessant. Dem Gutachten entnehme ich dass sie Herrn Professor Semm möglicherweise unbekannt sind:
Ganz besonders wichtig für Mensch und Tier sind die magnetischen Wechselfelder unterhalb etwa 100Hz. Hierzu schreibt Prof Semm von der "niederfrequenten Modulation der Handy". Diese Punkt ist jedoch zu wichtig um nur im Nebensatz erwähnt zu werden. Auch die Hintergründe werden arg vernachlässigt.
Dass der Mensch im Stammhirn ein magnetischer Rezeptor für Wechselfelder besitzt mit besonderer Empfindlich für Frequenzen unter 100Hz, ist wohl bekannt. Unerheblich dafür ist, ob die Aussendung tatsächlich ein Wechselfeld unterhalb 100Hz ist, oder ob es ein wesentlich höherfrequentes ist, welches mit 100Hz gepulst oder amplitudenmoduliert wird. Weniger bekannt ist der Rezeptor für statische (Gleich-) Magnetfelder. Fest steht, dass zwei seperate Untersuchungen in USA im Abstand von acht Jahre eine um 20% erhöhte Krebshäufigkeitsrate bei Kinder feststellte, welche sich längere Zeit im 60Hz (Stromnetz) Wechselfeld von 3 milliGauss aufhielten.
Prof. Semm schreibt "Bei HF-Feldern muss zwischen Daueraussendungen und gepulster bzw amplitudenmodulierter Abstrahlung unterschieden werden". Dies ist zunächst korrekt. In der Zusammenfassung steht jedoch " Technische Wechselfelder sind... Dies ist zum Beispiel der Fall bei ... sowie bei Fernseh und Rundfunksendern und bei Radar". Dies ist eindeutig objektiv und technisch falsch! Fernseh- und Rundfunksender über Antenne sind eben FM-moduliert, und somit als ungepulste Dauersendung ansusehen. Radar ist gepulst, UMTS und Mobiltelefone auch. Übrigens ist DVB-S und das neue DVB-T ebenso als ungepulste Dauersendung wegen der besonderen Modulationsart zu sehen.
Etwas weiter beschreibt Prof Semm Kateraktbildungen durch thermische elektromagnetische Effekte. In der Zusammenfassung steht jedoch " Nicht thermische Wirkung: Hier lassen sich...keine thermischen Wirkungen beobachten" Es sollte wohl "nicht-thermische" oder "athermische" heissen, aber dass wäre ebenso falsch! Seit 1948 ist in der Fachliteratur beschrieben, dass Kateraktbildung eben doch durch nichtthermische Effekte von EM-Felder hervorgerufen werden können, also bei einer unglaublich viel geringeren Bestrahlungsintensität. Siehe dazu:
Richardson, S. W., et al. Archives of Physical Medicine 29 (1948): p. 765
Es gibt ein besonders interessantes Buch zum Thema. Die darin befindlichen Literaturhinweise sind eine Fundgrube. Autor ist ein mittlerweile pensionierter Forscher und Mediziner, der sich lebenslang mit der Materie auseinander setzte. Seine Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden veröffentlicht in "Cross Currents" ISBN: 0-87477-536-1. Omega: Der Autor ist von Dr. med. Robert O. Becker
Ich denke Herr Professor Semm hätte sehr viel "Munition" daraus schöpfen können. Insbesondere zu athermische Effekte, und eben diese sind für Mensch und Tier von großer Bedeutung.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen,
Helmut Kriege
Omega: Literaturhinweise
Salzinger, K.: "Biological Effects of Power-Line Fields". Albany NY.: New York State Power Lines Project Scientific Advisory Panel, 1987.
Wertheimer, N. and Leeper, E. American Journal of Epidemiology 109 (1979) p.273, First Report of relationship between exposure to 60Hz magnetic fieldes and childhood cancer.
Wolpaw, J.: "Biological Effects of Power-Line Fields". Albany NY.: New York State Power Lines Project Scientific Advisory Panel, 1987.
Mikrowellen als Waffe:
Tyler, Paul E.: "The Electromagnetic Spectrum in Low-Intensity Conflict". In "low intensity Conflict and Modern Technology", edited by Lt. Col. David J. Dean, USAF Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base Alabama: Air University Press 1986.
Wenn man die Beiträge zum Thema biologische Relevanz gepulster Signale auf der Website des IZGMF liest, müsste man zu dem Schluss kommen, die Gefährlichkeit der Pulsung sei immer noch fraglich. Sie sei auch fraglich, weil man sich kein rechtes Wirkmodell bisher vorstellen kann. Unlängst konnte ich eine längst veröffentliche Zusammenstellung zu dem Thema Pulsung finden, die den 4 Referenten unbekannt zu sein scheint, obwohl die Ergebnisse seit mehr als 20 Jahren vorliegen.
Dort heißt es: (Quelle: Bundesanzeiger Nr. 43 vom 03. März 1992 - Veröffentlichungen der Strahlenschutzkommission, Band 24)
"Über spezielle Effekte, die nicht auf der Erwärmung beruhen, wird in der Literatur seit ungefähr 15 Jahren berichtet. Wenn eine Hochfrequenzstrahlung mit einer anderen Frequenz amplitudenmoduliert ist, können Feldwirkungen auftreten, welche bei unmodulierter Strahlung nicht existieren. Es handelt sich meistens um Veränderungen der Permeabilität von Zellmembranen. Beispielsweise wurde festgestellt, dass bei einer HF-Strahlung mit einer Frequenz von 147 MHz, die mit Frequenzen zwischen 6 und 20 Hertz moduliert war, der Kalziumausstrom aus Zellkulturen bei bestimmten Frequenzen signifikant (um 10 bis 20 %) erhöht war. Insgesamt wurde eine komplexe Abhängigkeit dieser Effekte von Intensität und Frequenz beobachtet, wobei spezielle Frequenzbereiche besonders wirksam sind.
Die Membraneffekte wurden vielfach bestätigt, so dass ihre Existenz heute als gesichert gilt. Hervorzuheben ist, dass die SAR-Werte hierbei teilweise kleiner als 0,01 W/kg sind und damit erheblich unterhalb thermisch relevanter Intensitäten liegen."
Meine eigenen Untersuchungen mittels Elektroakupunktur haben mir gezeigt, dass die biologisch negative Wirkung eines Mobiltelefons bei ca. 1 Watt genauso groß ist wie die eines Mikrowellenherdes bei 900 Watt.
Bei diesen Untersuchungen bin ich auf ein weiteres Phänomen gestoßen, das bisher weitgehend unbeachtet geblieben, aber von prinzipieller Bedeutung ist. Bestrahlt man Wasser mit einem Mobiltelefon etwa 30 Sekunden lang und lässt dann mit diesem Wasser im Vergleich zu unbehandeltem Wasser Weizenkörner keimen, dann wachsen die mit dem Mobilfunk behandelten Wasser sichtlich schlechter. Dies geschieht, obwohl während der gesamten Keimphase keinerlei Mikrowellen angewendet werden, also nur durch die im Wasser gespeicherte Information der Mikrowellen. Und diese Information ist gleich ob es eine ungepulste Mikrowelle von 900 Watt (Mikrowellenherd) oder eine gepulste Mikrowelle von 1 Watt vom Typ Mobiltelefon war. Dieser Versuch gelingt besonders deutlich, wenn die Weizenkörner vorgeschädigt werden etwa durch Erwärmung auf 60 Grad für 1 Stunde.
Die Frage der erhöhten Schädlichkeit gepulster Mikrowellen ist also längst beantwortet. Mir ist nicht so recht verständlich, weshalb hochkarätige Fachleute an diesem Punkt so ausweichend antworten. Und ich frage mich auch, weshalb derartig einfache und beeindruckende Versuche wie die mit den Weizenkeimen, die jeder Laie innerhalb von 5 Tagen durchführen kann, nicht gemacht oder publiziert werden. Immerhin hätte man bei diesen Weizenkeimversuchen ja noch immer die wissenschaftlich korrekte Ausflucht, dass sich daraus keine Schlüsse für den menschlichen Organismus ziehen ließen.
The Associated Bioelectromagnetics Technologists, P.O. BOX 133, Blanchardville, WI, 53516-0133, USA
Summary Portable communication devices that have become globally utilized during the past decade are principally electromagnetic field emitters: that is, photon emitters. Although commonly neglected for consideration, due to its inconsequential magnitude for most circumstances, the radiation pressure associated with some of these portable communication devices provides forces on the order of magnitude of piconewtons, which is identically the magnitude of force that has been demonstrated to deform and initiate dissociation (melting) of the DNA molecule. No similar comparison of radiation pressure experienced from our sun may be made due to the spectral content of solar radiation which reaches a maximum in the visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum and diminishes rapidly with increasing wavelength. However, portable hand-held radiating devices, virtually unknown prior to the 1990s, motivate us to make a calculated scrutiny of a force, radiation pressure, previously held to be of no consequence to life on earth.
We propose that the presence of such an anisotropic exogenous force may modify the otherwise unimpeded propagation of DNA repair enzymes and proteins and may deleteriously influence temporally sensitive DNA repair mechanisms. Consequently, unmitigated DNA base-bond damage may become “fixed” within the molecule during a subsequent molecular replication process and possibly lead to mutagenic transformation and neoplastic disease.
The double helix DNA macromolecule is subject to continual attack and damage from reactive species, principally free-radical ions, within each cell by virtue of its very existence within the human body, a biologically dynamic medium. Each DNA molecule in the body is subject to many thousands of damage inducing events daily: approximately once every few seconds on average. In order to cope with this onslaught, a complex complement of repair mechanisms, primarily comprised of proteins and enzymes, has developed to effectively stabilize the DNA molecule and neutralize an inherent tendency toward genomic dissociation.
The DNA repair enzyme/protein acquires energy by dissociating from the DNA backbone and, subsequently, translocating along the DNA backbone to propagate to a defect site and thence catalyze a base-bond repair or initiate an excision repair of a damaged DNA segment. A repair enzyme/protein carries this process forward primarily via chemical energy exchange, in addition to interaction with electrostatic forces, endogenous photons, and phonons.
It is noted that in order for a repair process to be carried to completion it is a necessary prerequisite that a participating protein/enzyme must first satisfy certain conformational configuration requirements, with respect to the DNA molecule, at the location where the prospective repair is to be effected. If of sufficient magnitude and duration, an exogenous force exerted on the DNA molecule or protein/enzyme may result in an incompatible dimensional change in the molecule, or molecules, on which the force is imposed. Researchers have observed experimentally, by means of atomic force microscopy, that an exogenously imposed force of less than ten piconewtons produces observable DNA stretching while a force of about 65 piconewtons is sufficient to provide an approximately 60 to 70 % stretching of the DNA molecule and initiate bond dissociation. ( , , )
Time-varying/pulse-modulated electromagnetic fields, such as those induced through operation of some hand-held portable energy radiating devices, impose, seemingly, spatially stationary electric and magnetic field forces on repair enzymes and proteins. If, concomitant with or preceding the application of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field, a DNA damaging event (bond-dissociation) occurs, an applied electromagnetic field will induce electric, magnetic, and radiation forces subject to, inter alia, modulation parameters to be described below.
Macroscopically, the imposed forces and consequent accelerations are functions of pulse duration (typically microseconds to milliseconds), pulse repetition rate (typically hundreds to thousands of pulses per second), device configuration, and transmitter current. It is also particularly important to note that each energy-radiating device has associated therewith certain physical characteristics that govern the finite turn-on time, radiation settling time, and turn-off time of the transmitter; each of which may encompass a duration on the order of nanoseconds to microseconds: a time period that spans many thousands of cycles for a device such as a 2450 MHz transmitter. Such temporal characteristics are necessarily non-sinusoidal, rich in harmonic frequency content, and, therefore, asymmetric.
Researchers have also reported that intra-base charge transport effecting base-bond repair may occur over a time interval on the order of picoseconds, which corresponds to approximately 0.01 cycles of a 2450 MHz field: effectively providing invariant, or stationary, electric and magnetic field forces over the time interval.
Although a DNA repair process, itself, may proceed over a time interval of pico-seconds to nanoseconds, we do not suggest that repair proteins/enzymes can translocate along thousands or tens of thousands of bases over such a short time-span. Typically, translocation over such a distance, (tens of thousands of DNA bases), may take place over a time interval on the order of seconds. ( ) A repair protein/enzyme may propagate along the DNA backbone to sample thousands or tens of thousands of base sites in order to reach a suitable substrate at the location of a defect toward which it is propelled.( )
Generally, energy provided by endogenous photon and phonon interactions in concert with intramolecular DNA mechanisms, such as chemical reaction exchanges, may be considered as possessing a spatially random velocity, while the orientation of an exogenously imposed force of an electromagnetic field is locally, nanoscopically, determined by the configuration and physical disposition of each DNA molecule at interest, or segment thereof.
Researchers have previously reported that human cells, non-human living primates, laboratory animals, and cell cultures exposed to an electromagnetic force results in a quantified increase in observed non-repaired DNA damage, possibly related to defect repair inhibition or an increased incidence of damaging events. However, heretofore no mechanism has been proposed to adequately explain the observed effects when and where such effects have not been anticipated by virtue of the magnitude, duration, or type of exposure. ( , , , , , , )
Hypothesis
Presently, portable hand-held transceiver devices, in use worldwide, generate, within the human body, electric field forces, FE, on the order of tens to hundreds of femtonewtons. Concurrently, such transceiver devices expose human operators to magnetic field forces, FM, on the order of piconewtons. However, at the frequencies of interest, generally the 800 MHz, 1700 MHz, and 2400 MHz bands, the temporal rate of change results in a complete reversal of the direction of these vector forces once per cycle, or approximately once per nano-second. The ultra-high frequency cyclic nature of the electric and magnetic forces results in a net force of zero, notwithstanding the appreciable instantaneous electric and magnetic forces.
Nonetheless, radiation pressure, associated with the photon energy emitted by an energy source, constitutes a radiation force, FRP, that does not reverse direction during each cycle as do the electric and magnetic forces. Therefore, a net force is imposed and quantified as the radiation pressure, which is a function of radiated power, incident energy density, and previously described parameters related to transmitter devices. ( , , , , )
dM/dT = FRP = (2 EI - EA) * A / C where M defines momentum, EA denotes absorbed energy per cubic meter, EI is the incident energy per square meter, A is the incident area, expressed as square meters, and C is the speed of light.
In the preceding it is necessary to note that in a dielectric medium of finite conductivity, such as human tissue, for example, brain tissue, the change in momentum, dM/dT, determines the radiation pressure, which occurs over an absorption volume as the penetrating energy becomes absorbed while traversing the medium. The absorption volume is characterized by intrinsic material properties, exogenous energy frequency, and constituent biological parameters such as conductivity, permittivity and multiple tissue layer thicknesses.
The volume force, FRPV exerted by the absorbed portion of the incident energy is of interest as is the absorption profile, or skin depth, which in our frequency range of interest is generally inversely related to frequency and penetrates to multiple cm depths.
For portable hand-held transceiver devices, such as those presently available, radiation pressure forces, FRPV, on the order of magnitude of piconewtons may be imposed in a human operator over a range of centimeters within the medium. This is a force magnitude similar to that which researchers have determined imposes physical deformation, stretching, of the DNA molecule and comparable to the forces of some DNA/protein interactions and, therefore, of possible physiological significance. ( ) For example, the protein, myosin, which contracts muscle fibers, generates but five piconewtons. We propose that the presence of such an anisotropic exogenous force may modify the otherwise unimpeded propagation of DNA repair enzymes and proteins and may deleteriously influence temporally sensitive DNA repair mechanisms. Consequently, unmitigated DNA base-bond damage may become “fixed” within the molecule during a subsequent molecular replication process and possibly lead to mutagenic transformation and neoplastic disease.
Considering that Vodafone UK has entered into a three-year 'cause partnership' with The UK's National Autistic Society (NAS), the following paper should be of some passing interest to the Society members.
Vodafone's charitable support is to "enable the NAS to expand the reach of existing programmes, which raise awareness of autism and support people with autism and their carers". Of course this good deed by Vodafone can make for some good PR and can be written off as "advertising" on the balance sheets.
However this good PR may be somewhat off-set if it is perceived by the public that Vodafone's technology may be a contributing factor for the condition!
A Possible Association Between Fetal/neonatal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation and the Increased Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Summary Recently disclosed epidemiological data indicate a dramatic increase in the incidence of autism spectrum disorders.
Previously, the incidence of autism has been reported as 4-5 per 10,000 children. The most recent evidence indicates an increased incidence of about 1 per 500 children. However, the etiology of autism is yet to be determined. The recently disclosed data suggest a possible correlation between autism incidence and a previously unconsidered environmental toxin. It is generally accepted in the scientific community that radiofrequency radiation is a biologically active substance. It is also readily acknowledged that human exposures to radiofrequency radiation have become pervasive during the past twenty years, whereas such exposures were uncommon prior to that time. It is suggested that fetal or neo-natal exposures to radiofrequency radiation may be associated with an increased incidence of autism.
Prior to the twentieth century the only sources of radiofrequency (RF) radiation were the hyper-low levels of RF energy originating from our sun and the even lower levels of extra-solar RF noise. It is in this environment of low-level RF radiation that life on earth developed and exists to this day.
During the 1940s, primarily as a result of research and development performed as a part of the war effort, industry and the military establishment were successful in bringing the state of RF energy generation to maturity. From that time onward we have witnessed a broad range of commercial RF energy product applications including, most notably, broadcast FM radio, radar, television, public-service mobile communication transceivers, residential microwave ovens, and the portable cellular telephone.
Initially, the contribution of each radiating device was imperceptible when weighed against the background of incoming solar radiation. However, over the span of decades the number of terrestrial RF radiation sources, now counted in the billions, has increased to the degree that, presently, the base radiation level is many thousands of times higher than from solar RF energy impinging on the earth.
Notwithstanding the proliferation of RF radiation sources during the early decades of the "radiofrequency age", the 1940s through the 1970s, humans were seldom exposed to RF radiation at levels that might cause concern. Since the late 1970s a number of commercial products have become ubiquitous, which provide human exposures to levels of RF radiation that are significantly higher than either of the previous or present background levels. Research reports indicate that RF exposure levels, typically encountered from some commercial products, may induce alterations of biological processes or damage to the genome 1 - 13.
Concurrently the incidence of autism diagnoses demonstrates a pronounced, approximately linear, order of magnitude increase occurring during the last twenty years 14. For several decades prior to 1980 autism incidence remained essentially invariant; reportedly at about one diagnosed case per 2000 children. Byrd has reported a present autism incidence of about one per 700 children.
Hypothesis
RF radiation sources have become commonplace in the personal human environment from approximately 1980 to the present. Operation of an RF radiation source such as a two-way radio, portable telephone, or a cell phone exposes the operator to levels of RF radiation shown to be biologically active. Operation of an RF radiation source also exposes others, in the near proximity, to similarly biologically active levels of electromagnetic field intensities 15. Passive operation, such as from an RF emitting baby monitor, is a widespread postnatal exposure.
Some of the known effects of exposure to RF radiation include cognitive impairment 16, memory deficit 17, EEG modifications 18, DNA damage 3 - 12, chromosome aberrations 6, micronucleus formation 7, 22, fetal malformation 1, 2, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier 19, 23, altered cellular calcium efflux 20 and altered cell proliferation 21.
RF radiation emissions from residential microwave ovens are, typically, on the order of 1 milli-watt per cm2. RF radiation exposures from cell phones range from about 0.1 to 10.0 milli-watt per cm2. Portable two-way radios provide similar exposure levels. The scientific literature confirms that RF radiation exposures, at levels more than 1,000 times lower than described immediately preceding, or on the order of 1.0 micro-watt per cm2, induce significant changes in biological processes or molecular repair mechanisms 12.
During gestation the possibility of unobservable embryonic and fetal damage is increased as mothers-to-be utilize and are exposed to the emissions from RF radiation devices. Researchers have emphatically reported that an embryo or fetus should not be exposed to radiofrequency radiation such as that emitted by the portable cell phone or portable telephone. One particular reason to avoid RF radiation exposure during pregnancy is that an embryo or fetus may not be fully protected by amniotic fluid for extended periods of time due to the natural movement of the embryo or fetus within the womb.
Secondly, the pelvic structure promotes deep RF radiation penetration and that radiation can be absorbed within the developing embryo or fetus.
Other researchers have postulated that there may exist a previously unidentified environmental toxin associated with the observed increased incidence of autism. For example, the works of Byrd (California - 1999) 14, Bertrand 24, (New Jersey - 2001), Taylor 25, (United Kingdom - 1999), and Chakrabarti & Fombonne 26, (United Kingdom - 2001) clearly support the proposition that the identified increased incidence of autism has an origin at about 1980: an increased incidence that has its origin established at the very time that the personal RF radiation devices came into popular use - about 1980. We propose that RF radiation, a new form of exposure of the human embryo, fetus, and infant, and an acknowledged environmental toxin under many exposure conditions, may be associated with the increased incidence of autism. This proposition is further based on the fact that these radiating products are periodically and typically utilized in the embryonic, fetal and neonatal environment. RF radiation is the only known toxin, exposure to which is wholly correlated with the repeatedly documented increased incidence of autism, which is now reported by at least some researchers as greater than 1 per 100 newborn.
Conclusion
The hypothesis may be tested and further investigated by employing accepted epidemiological techniques including a carefully crafted retrospective questionnaire. In particular, national or regional health registries, such as those available within California, the UK and Denmark (the Danish Health Registry) can provide the requisite study demography and RF radiation exposure scenarios, while also identifying and precluding incorporation of known confounders.
References
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11 Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Noonan D, Finnie J, and Harris AW, Lymphomas in E mu-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res, 147(5), pp. 631-640, 1997.
12 Phillips JL, Ivaschuk O, Ishida-Jones T, Jones RA, Campbell-Beachler M, and Haggren W, DNA damage in Molt-4 T-lymphoblastoid cells exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency fields in vitro, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 45, pp. 103-110, 1998.
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14 Byrd RS, Sigman M. Bono M, et al, Report to the legislature on the principal findings from the epidemiology of autism in California: a comprehensive pilot study, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, 2002
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19 Salford LG, Brun A, Sturesson K, Eberhardt JL, and Persson BR, Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz. Microsc Res Tech, 27(6), pp. 535-542, 1994.
20 Paul Raj R, Behari J, and Rao AR, Effect of amplitude modulated RF radiation on calcium ion efflux and ODC activity in chronically exposed rat brain, Indian J Biochem Biophys, 36(5), pp. 337-340, 1999.
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22 d'Ambrosio G, Massa R, Scarfi MR, and Zeni O, Cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes following GMSK phase modulated microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics, 23, pp. 7-13, 2002.
23 Persson BR, Salford LG, and Brun A, Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication, Wireless Network 3, pp. 455-461, 1997.
24 Bertrand J, Mars A, Boyle C, Bove F, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Decoufle P., Prevalence of Autism in a United States Population: The Brick Township, New Jersey Investigation, Pediatrics, 108 (5), pp. 1155-1161, Nov. 2001.
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A Possible Association Between Fetal/neonatal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation and the Increased Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) http://tinyurl.com/2ves7g
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