Hiroshima Spirits, Nagasaki Voices: Learning from the First Ground Zeroes
Starmail - 5. Aug, 17:34
Nuclear Weapons
5
Aug
2005
Zum 60. Jahrestag von Hiroshima und Nagasaki - Millionen Krebstote durch Atomtests
Pax Christi-Erklärung
http://www.omega-news.info/hiro05pc.pdf
Weltappell - Zum 60. Jahrestag von Hiroshima und Nagasaki
Die Menschen von Hiroshima und Nagasaki erfuhren den gewaltigen, tiefgreifenden, lang anhaltenden Horror und das Trauma der Atombombenabwürfe vom 6. und 9. August 1945. Sie erlebten das höllische Ende jener Welt, das Nuklearwaffen für uns bereit halten können. Sechzig Jahre haben die Überlebenden alles in ihrer Macht stehende unternommen, um eine einzige Botschaft zu verkünden: Es darf nie wieder passieren. Werden sie diese Welt erfolgreich aus ihrer irrsinnigen nuklearen Trance erwecken? Oder wird die Vergangenheit vergessen - und wiederholt?
http://www.sonnenseite.com/fp/archiv/Akt-News/6720.php
Millionen Krebstote durch Atomtests
Vor 60 Jahren, am 16. Juli 1945, wurde in Alamogordo in der Wüste Neumexikos in den USA mit "Trinity" der erste Atomtest gezündet. Seitdem haben die fünf Atomwaffenstaaten USA, UdSSR, Frankreich, Großbritannien und China 2.045 Atomwaffentests in der Atmosphäre und unterirdisch durchgeführt. Das bedeutet: Bis 1998 gab es alle anderthalb Wochen einen Test. Zusätzlich führten Indien und Pakistan zwölf Tests durch. Der weltweite Anstieg von Krebserkrankungen ist auf den radioaktiven Fallout der Atombombentests der Jahre 1957 bis 1963 zurückzuführen.
http://www.sonnenseite.com/fp/archiv/Akt-News/6719.php
Appell zum Hiroshimatag
Die Ärztinnen und Ärzte der Internationalen Friedensorganisation IPPNW, 1985 mit dem Friedensnobelpreis ausgezeichnet, erlauben uns, Sie auf die gemeinsame Chance hinzuweisen, mit der bevorstehenden Bundestagswahl einen demokratischen Einfluss in einer lebenswichtigen Frage auszuüben.
http://www.sonnenseite.com/fp/archiv/Akt-News/6708.php
http://www.omega-news.info/hiro05pc.pdf
Weltappell - Zum 60. Jahrestag von Hiroshima und Nagasaki
Die Menschen von Hiroshima und Nagasaki erfuhren den gewaltigen, tiefgreifenden, lang anhaltenden Horror und das Trauma der Atombombenabwürfe vom 6. und 9. August 1945. Sie erlebten das höllische Ende jener Welt, das Nuklearwaffen für uns bereit halten können. Sechzig Jahre haben die Überlebenden alles in ihrer Macht stehende unternommen, um eine einzige Botschaft zu verkünden: Es darf nie wieder passieren. Werden sie diese Welt erfolgreich aus ihrer irrsinnigen nuklearen Trance erwecken? Oder wird die Vergangenheit vergessen - und wiederholt?
http://www.sonnenseite.com/fp/archiv/Akt-News/6720.php
Millionen Krebstote durch Atomtests
Vor 60 Jahren, am 16. Juli 1945, wurde in Alamogordo in der Wüste Neumexikos in den USA mit "Trinity" der erste Atomtest gezündet. Seitdem haben die fünf Atomwaffenstaaten USA, UdSSR, Frankreich, Großbritannien und China 2.045 Atomwaffentests in der Atmosphäre und unterirdisch durchgeführt. Das bedeutet: Bis 1998 gab es alle anderthalb Wochen einen Test. Zusätzlich führten Indien und Pakistan zwölf Tests durch. Der weltweite Anstieg von Krebserkrankungen ist auf den radioaktiven Fallout der Atombombentests der Jahre 1957 bis 1963 zurückzuführen.
http://www.sonnenseite.com/fp/archiv/Akt-News/6719.php
Appell zum Hiroshimatag
Die Ärztinnen und Ärzte der Internationalen Friedensorganisation IPPNW, 1985 mit dem Friedensnobelpreis ausgezeichnet, erlauben uns, Sie auf die gemeinsame Chance hinzuweisen, mit der bevorstehenden Bundestagswahl einen demokratischen Einfluss in einer lebenswichtigen Frage auszuüben.
http://www.sonnenseite.com/fp/archiv/Akt-News/6708.php
Starmail - 5. Aug, 17:04
4
Aug
2005
HIROSHIMA, AMERICA AND HUMANITY’S FUTURE
By David Krieger
We are again in the season of Hiroshima. Many will gather at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park to remember that fateful day 60 years ago when an atomic weapon was first used on a human population and obliterated the city of Hiroshima.
In America, unfortunately, far too few individuals will take note of this anniversary. Many of those who do remember Hiroshima will recall it as an event of triumph, not disaster.
Throughout most of the world, the name Hiroshima has come to represent man’s technological capacity for massive destruction. Hiroshima was the culmination of the high-altitude bombing and long-range killing that came increasingly to characterize World War II.
Hiroshima opened the door upon a new world, a world in which it is possible for humanity to destroy itself by its own inventions of highly destructive weaponry. Hiroshima was the world’s first look at a technology that could destroy countries, end civilization, and foreclose a human future.
Following the bombing on August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was a wasteland. It might have been left this way as a monument and reminder of the new dangers confronting humanity. But that wasn’t to be.
The bombed Hiroshima is the Hiroshima of death. It is a harbinger of what may befall humanity. It is a warning, but a warning that seems far distant in our fast-moving, materialistic world.
The physical evidence of the crime has been largely covered over and a thriving new Hiroshima has been built from the ruins – a Hiroshima that demonstrates humanity’s capacity for healing and rebuilding. Sixty years after the bombing, Hiroshima itself is a place of hope. It is a city resurrected, and filled with life.
What remains of the destroyed Hiroshima can now be found in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and in the hearts of the hibakusha, the survivors of the atomic bombings. They cling to the message, “Never Again! Nuclear weapons and human beings cannot co-exist.” They also cling to the hope that humanity can rise above its destructive impulses.
The rebirth of Hiroshima reflects the power of the human spirit, but the problem presented to humanity by Hiroshima has not gone away. As the leading scientists who signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto put it fifty years ago: “There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge and wisdom. Shall we instead choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels?”
Many of the scientists who created nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project thought that they should not be used on human populations. They warned that if nuclear weapons were used on Japan, the result would be a nuclear arms race. They unsuccessfully tried to convince US political leaders that the atomic bomb should first be demonstrated to Japanese leaders in a remote, uninhabited place, in order to allow them a chance to surrender. But the pleas of the scientists were unsuccessful. They had lost control of their creation, and government leaders chose to use the bomb before the Soviets entered the war in the Pacific.
The atomic bombing of Hiroshima occurred at the end of a terrible war, but it marked the beginning of a new collective madness that would result in the US and USSR each threatening the other with tens of thousands of nuclear weapons. Today the numbers of weapons is lower than at the height of the Cold War, but the collective insanity continues.
Fifteen years after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the US and Russia have friendly relations. Yet, each side still maintains more than 2,000 long-range nuclear weapons targeted on the other on hair-trigger alert, ready to be fired in moments. Can this be described in any other way than collective madness?
Do the people of the world, particularly Americans and Russians, understand what this means? Opinion polls indicate that 85 to 90 percent of people everywhere would choose to eliminate nuclear weapons, so long as all countries do so. They understand that it would improve their security, as well as be morally and legally correct. But among politicians, there is little movement toward a nuclear weapons-free world.
In the year 2000, the parties to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) agreed to 13 Practical Steps for Nuclear Disarmament, including an “unequivocal undertaking…to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals….” It seemed to be a significant breakthrough. Yet, five years later, at the 2005 NPT Review Conference, the United States had fulfilled none of its obligations under the 13 Practical Steps, and refused to allow an agenda for the conference that even made reference to them.
The Bush administration wants funding for new nuclear weapons, particularly earth penetrating nuclear weapons or “bunker busters.” They want a world in which there is no place outside the range of their nuclear weapons. It is a frighteningly dangerous world in which the United States would remain reliant upon nuclear weapons and continue to threaten their use for the indefinite future.
At Hiroshima, the bomb dropped by the United States killed 140,000 people, mostly civilians, and it was celebrated in the US as a military victory. In doing so, the US made victims not only of the people of Hiroshima, but of all humanity, including ourselves. In today’s world, any city anywhere is subject to being destroyed at a moment’s notice.
It is painful, yet necessary, to recall details of that fateful day. On the morning of August 6, 1945, people in Hiroshima set off to work or school. Earlier a US plane had flown over the city, and an alarm had sounded. Then came the all-clear signal. Then another plane, this one the US B-29, Enola Gay. It dropped its single bomb, which fell for 43 seconds, and at 8:15 a.m. the city of Hiroshima was destroyed. Individuals close to the epicenter were incinerated. Those further away were killed by blast and fire. Many of the initial survivors developed “radiation sickness,” and died in the coming days, weeks, months and years of cancers and leukemias.
On August 9, 1945, three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, Nagasaki was bombed and destroyed with another atomic weapon. On the same day, Harry Truman told the American people about Hiroshima. He struck a religious note in talking about the bomb, “We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.”
Herbert Hoover, a former American president, had a far different reaction: “The use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and children, revolts my soul.”
Leading American generals and admirals were equally appalled by the use of atomic weapons. Eisenhower later said, “It wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing.” Admiral William D. Leahy, Truman’s Chief of Staff, wrote: “…the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender…. My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children….”
Nuclear weapons do not discriminate. They kill men, women and children. In this way, among others, they are illegal under International Humanitarian Law, as the International Court of Justice ruled in 1996.
Nuclear weapons are the ultimate weapon of cowards. Those who would possess nuclear weapons need only find men and women willing to make them, service them and press the button to release them.
Nuclear weapons destroy the destroyers. Reflecting on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Gandhi said, “What has happened to the soul of the destroying nation is yet too early to see. Forces of nature act in a mysterious manner.”
As Americans look back at the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we, too, should be reflecting on what has happened to our collective soul. We should be reflecting on who we are, as we cling to our weapons of massive destruction, and lead the world in opposing nuclear disarmament.
It may be a dangerous world, but our future lies in forgiveness and decency, not force of arms. In the US , we spend half of the world’s total military expenditure, more than $500 billion annually, and we still are not secure. We seek inexpensive sources of oil, and we pay the price in blood, our own but mostly that of others.
If we continue on the path we are on, an American Hiroshima will be in our future. It is inevitable. If the disillusioned and disaffected extremists of the world obtain nuclear weapons, they will use them and the US will be a likely target. The irony of this is that none of our thousands of nuclear weapons will make us any safer. In fact, they make us less secure by creating a situation in which others will also keep nuclear weapons and some of these may end up in the hands of extremists.
But when it comes to nuclear weapons, there are no moderates. All nuclear policies are dangerous and extreme, except those that contribute to the elimination of nuclear weapons. All possessors of nuclear weapons are extremists. If terrorism is threatening or killing innocent civilians, then nuclear weapons are the ultimate weapon of terrorism and those who possess them are the ultimate terrorists.
How are we to change? Perhaps Hiroshima provides a place to begin. The horrors of Hiroshima are not only the past, but potentially in the future as well. We can begin with finding our sorrow. We can begin with recognizing the suffering we have caused and are causing still. We can begin with apologies and forgiveness.
Hiroshima has largely recovered from its wounds. The city has been rebuilt. The flowers have returned. The survivors have made it their mission to end the nuclear weapons threat to humanity. They have forgiven the crime.
But America will not heal from the trauma of the devastation we have caused and continue to cause until Americans say No to wanton power, No to nuclear weapons, No to war and No to leaders who lie us into war. Until we summon the power to resist, we will continue to be victims of our own massive and unbridled power. It is within our power to change, but not without ending our addiction to power and our double standards that support this addiction. America must reassert its commitment to decency, not destruction.
The 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto – issued ten years after the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as thermonuclear weapons were being developed and tested – concluded with these words: “We appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise ; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death.”
We have a choice, and where there is choice there is hope. If we do nothing, we will remain on the path of universal death. If we choose to change the world, it is within our power to do so. Hiroshima is our past; it doesn’t need to be our future. We can join with the survivors of Hiroshima in committing ourselves to assuring that atomic weapons will never again be used by taking the sensible and reasonable step of abolishing these instruments of genocide.
Unfortunately what is reasonable is not always possible. To end the threat to humanity and other forms of life created by nuclear weapons, there are two different sets of problems to be solved. The first is to articulate what needs to be done. The second is to overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of accomplishing these goals.
Let us look first at what needs to be done. At the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, we have proposed the following eight commitments by the nuclear weapons states.
1. Commitment to good faith negotiations to achieve total nuclear disarmament.
2. Commitment to a timeframe for marking progress and achieving the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.
3. Commitment to No First Use of nuclear weapons against other nuclear weapons states and to No Use against non-nuclear weapons states.
4. Commitment to irreversibility and verifiability of disarmament measures.
5. Commitment to standing down nuclear forces, removing them from high alert status.
6. Commitment to create no new nuclear weapons.
7. Commitment to a verifiable ban on the production of fissile materials, and placing existing materials under strict international control.
8. Commitment to accounting, transparency and reporting to build confidence and allow for verification of the disarmament process.
We view these as a minimal level of commitment to demonstrate the “good faith” effort to achieve the total elimination of nuclear weapons that is required by international law. Other commitments could be added to these, such as support for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and agreement to refrain from weaponizing outer space.
Essentially, the international community knows what needs to be done to achieve the phased elimination of nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, the larger problem is with not what is needed but what is politically possible. This leaves behind the realm of what is reasonable and sensible, and enters the realm of prerogatives of political decision makers.
Despite the threat to humanity and despite reason, none of the commitments above have been acted on by the United States, the world’s most powerful nuclear weapons state. Without US commitment to these goals, it is unlikely that less powerful nuclear weapons states will commit to them. Thus, progress on nuclear disarmament is stalled by US intransigency. The US is not the leader in nuclear disarmament, but rather its major obstacle. This was apparent at the 2005 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, where the US pointed the finger at others, such as Iran and North Korea, but was unwilling even to discuss its own obligations to achieve nuclear disarmament under the treaty and under international law in general.
Within the US, democracy is the province of the people and their representatives, with the mass media playing a critical role in educating the people so that they may make reasoned political choices and give their informed consent to the actions of leaders. It is the political leaders of the US who have been the obstacle to global nuclear disarmament, and for the most part the people are unaware of this because they do not learn about it from the mass media.
The only way to change the policies of the government is for the people to voice their concerns, but largely the people are not informed of the positions of their government on nuclear issues. Nor are they given reasonable analyses of the pros and cons of US nuclear policies because the media has been lax in doing its job.
Humanity’s best hope for ending the nuclear weapons threat that confronts us all is for the American people to engage this issue as if their lives depended upon its outcome. The truth is that our lives, and those of people throughout the world, do depend upon US nuclear policies. We cannot wait for leaders who will recognize and solve these problems for us. We must speak up and we must educate our neighbors and our elected officials.
The choices are clear. One way is to continue on the disastrous path we are on, a path on which our nuclear arsenal plays a pivotal role in providing a false sense of security. Or we can change the direction of our policies, with the US seeking to strengthen its own security and global security by providing leadership to achieve the phased and total elimination of nuclear weapons. To move to this path, the American people are going to have to wake up and demand that their government, acting in their names, end its reliance on nuclear weapons and fulfill its moral and legal obligations to end the nuclear weapons era.
David Krieger is the President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation http://www.wagingpeace.org . He is the author of "Today Is Not a Good Day for War".
Informant: Hopedance
We are again in the season of Hiroshima. Many will gather at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park to remember that fateful day 60 years ago when an atomic weapon was first used on a human population and obliterated the city of Hiroshima.
In America, unfortunately, far too few individuals will take note of this anniversary. Many of those who do remember Hiroshima will recall it as an event of triumph, not disaster.
Throughout most of the world, the name Hiroshima has come to represent man’s technological capacity for massive destruction. Hiroshima was the culmination of the high-altitude bombing and long-range killing that came increasingly to characterize World War II.
Hiroshima opened the door upon a new world, a world in which it is possible for humanity to destroy itself by its own inventions of highly destructive weaponry. Hiroshima was the world’s first look at a technology that could destroy countries, end civilization, and foreclose a human future.
Following the bombing on August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was a wasteland. It might have been left this way as a monument and reminder of the new dangers confronting humanity. But that wasn’t to be.
The bombed Hiroshima is the Hiroshima of death. It is a harbinger of what may befall humanity. It is a warning, but a warning that seems far distant in our fast-moving, materialistic world.
The physical evidence of the crime has been largely covered over and a thriving new Hiroshima has been built from the ruins – a Hiroshima that demonstrates humanity’s capacity for healing and rebuilding. Sixty years after the bombing, Hiroshima itself is a place of hope. It is a city resurrected, and filled with life.
What remains of the destroyed Hiroshima can now be found in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and in the hearts of the hibakusha, the survivors of the atomic bombings. They cling to the message, “Never Again! Nuclear weapons and human beings cannot co-exist.” They also cling to the hope that humanity can rise above its destructive impulses.
The rebirth of Hiroshima reflects the power of the human spirit, but the problem presented to humanity by Hiroshima has not gone away. As the leading scientists who signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto put it fifty years ago: “There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge and wisdom. Shall we instead choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels?”
Many of the scientists who created nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project thought that they should not be used on human populations. They warned that if nuclear weapons were used on Japan, the result would be a nuclear arms race. They unsuccessfully tried to convince US political leaders that the atomic bomb should first be demonstrated to Japanese leaders in a remote, uninhabited place, in order to allow them a chance to surrender. But the pleas of the scientists were unsuccessful. They had lost control of their creation, and government leaders chose to use the bomb before the Soviets entered the war in the Pacific.
The atomic bombing of Hiroshima occurred at the end of a terrible war, but it marked the beginning of a new collective madness that would result in the US and USSR each threatening the other with tens of thousands of nuclear weapons. Today the numbers of weapons is lower than at the height of the Cold War, but the collective insanity continues.
Fifteen years after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the US and Russia have friendly relations. Yet, each side still maintains more than 2,000 long-range nuclear weapons targeted on the other on hair-trigger alert, ready to be fired in moments. Can this be described in any other way than collective madness?
Do the people of the world, particularly Americans and Russians, understand what this means? Opinion polls indicate that 85 to 90 percent of people everywhere would choose to eliminate nuclear weapons, so long as all countries do so. They understand that it would improve their security, as well as be morally and legally correct. But among politicians, there is little movement toward a nuclear weapons-free world.
In the year 2000, the parties to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) agreed to 13 Practical Steps for Nuclear Disarmament, including an “unequivocal undertaking…to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals….” It seemed to be a significant breakthrough. Yet, five years later, at the 2005 NPT Review Conference, the United States had fulfilled none of its obligations under the 13 Practical Steps, and refused to allow an agenda for the conference that even made reference to them.
The Bush administration wants funding for new nuclear weapons, particularly earth penetrating nuclear weapons or “bunker busters.” They want a world in which there is no place outside the range of their nuclear weapons. It is a frighteningly dangerous world in which the United States would remain reliant upon nuclear weapons and continue to threaten their use for the indefinite future.
At Hiroshima, the bomb dropped by the United States killed 140,000 people, mostly civilians, and it was celebrated in the US as a military victory. In doing so, the US made victims not only of the people of Hiroshima, but of all humanity, including ourselves. In today’s world, any city anywhere is subject to being destroyed at a moment’s notice.
It is painful, yet necessary, to recall details of that fateful day. On the morning of August 6, 1945, people in Hiroshima set off to work or school. Earlier a US plane had flown over the city, and an alarm had sounded. Then came the all-clear signal. Then another plane, this one the US B-29, Enola Gay. It dropped its single bomb, which fell for 43 seconds, and at 8:15 a.m. the city of Hiroshima was destroyed. Individuals close to the epicenter were incinerated. Those further away were killed by blast and fire. Many of the initial survivors developed “radiation sickness,” and died in the coming days, weeks, months and years of cancers and leukemias.
On August 9, 1945, three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, Nagasaki was bombed and destroyed with another atomic weapon. On the same day, Harry Truman told the American people about Hiroshima. He struck a religious note in talking about the bomb, “We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.”
Herbert Hoover, a former American president, had a far different reaction: “The use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and children, revolts my soul.”
Leading American generals and admirals were equally appalled by the use of atomic weapons. Eisenhower later said, “It wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing.” Admiral William D. Leahy, Truman’s Chief of Staff, wrote: “…the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender…. My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children….”
Nuclear weapons do not discriminate. They kill men, women and children. In this way, among others, they are illegal under International Humanitarian Law, as the International Court of Justice ruled in 1996.
Nuclear weapons are the ultimate weapon of cowards. Those who would possess nuclear weapons need only find men and women willing to make them, service them and press the button to release them.
Nuclear weapons destroy the destroyers. Reflecting on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Gandhi said, “What has happened to the soul of the destroying nation is yet too early to see. Forces of nature act in a mysterious manner.”
As Americans look back at the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we, too, should be reflecting on what has happened to our collective soul. We should be reflecting on who we are, as we cling to our weapons of massive destruction, and lead the world in opposing nuclear disarmament.
It may be a dangerous world, but our future lies in forgiveness and decency, not force of arms. In the US , we spend half of the world’s total military expenditure, more than $500 billion annually, and we still are not secure. We seek inexpensive sources of oil, and we pay the price in blood, our own but mostly that of others.
If we continue on the path we are on, an American Hiroshima will be in our future. It is inevitable. If the disillusioned and disaffected extremists of the world obtain nuclear weapons, they will use them and the US will be a likely target. The irony of this is that none of our thousands of nuclear weapons will make us any safer. In fact, they make us less secure by creating a situation in which others will also keep nuclear weapons and some of these may end up in the hands of extremists.
But when it comes to nuclear weapons, there are no moderates. All nuclear policies are dangerous and extreme, except those that contribute to the elimination of nuclear weapons. All possessors of nuclear weapons are extremists. If terrorism is threatening or killing innocent civilians, then nuclear weapons are the ultimate weapon of terrorism and those who possess them are the ultimate terrorists.
How are we to change? Perhaps Hiroshima provides a place to begin. The horrors of Hiroshima are not only the past, but potentially in the future as well. We can begin with finding our sorrow. We can begin with recognizing the suffering we have caused and are causing still. We can begin with apologies and forgiveness.
Hiroshima has largely recovered from its wounds. The city has been rebuilt. The flowers have returned. The survivors have made it their mission to end the nuclear weapons threat to humanity. They have forgiven the crime.
But America will not heal from the trauma of the devastation we have caused and continue to cause until Americans say No to wanton power, No to nuclear weapons, No to war and No to leaders who lie us into war. Until we summon the power to resist, we will continue to be victims of our own massive and unbridled power. It is within our power to change, but not without ending our addiction to power and our double standards that support this addiction. America must reassert its commitment to decency, not destruction.
The 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto – issued ten years after the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as thermonuclear weapons were being developed and tested – concluded with these words: “We appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise ; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death.”
We have a choice, and where there is choice there is hope. If we do nothing, we will remain on the path of universal death. If we choose to change the world, it is within our power to do so. Hiroshima is our past; it doesn’t need to be our future. We can join with the survivors of Hiroshima in committing ourselves to assuring that atomic weapons will never again be used by taking the sensible and reasonable step of abolishing these instruments of genocide.
Unfortunately what is reasonable is not always possible. To end the threat to humanity and other forms of life created by nuclear weapons, there are two different sets of problems to be solved. The first is to articulate what needs to be done. The second is to overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of accomplishing these goals.
Let us look first at what needs to be done. At the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, we have proposed the following eight commitments by the nuclear weapons states.
1. Commitment to good faith negotiations to achieve total nuclear disarmament.
2. Commitment to a timeframe for marking progress and achieving the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.
3. Commitment to No First Use of nuclear weapons against other nuclear weapons states and to No Use against non-nuclear weapons states.
4. Commitment to irreversibility and verifiability of disarmament measures.
5. Commitment to standing down nuclear forces, removing them from high alert status.
6. Commitment to create no new nuclear weapons.
7. Commitment to a verifiable ban on the production of fissile materials, and placing existing materials under strict international control.
8. Commitment to accounting, transparency and reporting to build confidence and allow for verification of the disarmament process.
We view these as a minimal level of commitment to demonstrate the “good faith” effort to achieve the total elimination of nuclear weapons that is required by international law. Other commitments could be added to these, such as support for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and agreement to refrain from weaponizing outer space.
Essentially, the international community knows what needs to be done to achieve the phased elimination of nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, the larger problem is with not what is needed but what is politically possible. This leaves behind the realm of what is reasonable and sensible, and enters the realm of prerogatives of political decision makers.
Despite the threat to humanity and despite reason, none of the commitments above have been acted on by the United States, the world’s most powerful nuclear weapons state. Without US commitment to these goals, it is unlikely that less powerful nuclear weapons states will commit to them. Thus, progress on nuclear disarmament is stalled by US intransigency. The US is not the leader in nuclear disarmament, but rather its major obstacle. This was apparent at the 2005 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, where the US pointed the finger at others, such as Iran and North Korea, but was unwilling even to discuss its own obligations to achieve nuclear disarmament under the treaty and under international law in general.
Within the US, democracy is the province of the people and their representatives, with the mass media playing a critical role in educating the people so that they may make reasoned political choices and give their informed consent to the actions of leaders. It is the political leaders of the US who have been the obstacle to global nuclear disarmament, and for the most part the people are unaware of this because they do not learn about it from the mass media.
The only way to change the policies of the government is for the people to voice their concerns, but largely the people are not informed of the positions of their government on nuclear issues. Nor are they given reasonable analyses of the pros and cons of US nuclear policies because the media has been lax in doing its job.
Humanity’s best hope for ending the nuclear weapons threat that confronts us all is for the American people to engage this issue as if their lives depended upon its outcome. The truth is that our lives, and those of people throughout the world, do depend upon US nuclear policies. We cannot wait for leaders who will recognize and solve these problems for us. We must speak up and we must educate our neighbors and our elected officials.
The choices are clear. One way is to continue on the disastrous path we are on, a path on which our nuclear arsenal plays a pivotal role in providing a false sense of security. Or we can change the direction of our policies, with the US seeking to strengthen its own security and global security by providing leadership to achieve the phased and total elimination of nuclear weapons. To move to this path, the American people are going to have to wake up and demand that their government, acting in their names, end its reliance on nuclear weapons and fulfill its moral and legal obligations to end the nuclear weapons era.
David Krieger is the President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation http://www.wagingpeace.org . He is the author of "Today Is Not a Good Day for War".
Informant: Hopedance
Starmail - 4. Aug, 23:27
Bürgermeister von Hiroshima und Nagasaki fordern Abrüstung von Atomwaffen
"Erinnert Euch Eurer Menschlichkeit": Bürgermeister von Hiroshima und Nagasaki fordern Abrüstung von Atomwaffen (04.08.05)
Mit einem Appell zum 60. Jahrestag der Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki warnen ihre Bürgermeister und internationale Friedensstreiter vor dem Vergessen des "höllischen Endes" der Atombombenabwürfe. Gefordert wird die Abkehr von einem "überholten System atomarer Abschreckung" und die Entwicklung eines "kooperativen Sicherheitssystems" in Loyalität gegenüber der Menschheit.
Die ganze Nachricht im Internet:
http://www.ngo-online.de/ganze_nachricht.php?Nr=11554
Mit einem Appell zum 60. Jahrestag der Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki warnen ihre Bürgermeister und internationale Friedensstreiter vor dem Vergessen des "höllischen Endes" der Atombombenabwürfe. Gefordert wird die Abkehr von einem "überholten System atomarer Abschreckung" und die Entwicklung eines "kooperativen Sicherheitssystems" in Loyalität gegenüber der Menschheit.
Die ganze Nachricht im Internet:
http://www.ngo-online.de/ganze_nachricht.php?Nr=11554
Starmail - 4. Aug, 22:05
"Kampf dem Atomtod" auch heute aktuell - US-Atomwaffen aus Deutschland abziehen
04. August 2005
"Kampf dem Atomtod" auch heute aktuell - US-Atomwaffen aus Deutschland abziehen
Wolfgang Gehrcke, außenpolitischer Sprecher der Linkspartei.PDS und Spitzenkandidat für die Linke Hessen zur Bundestagswahl 2005 zum 60. Jahrestag des Atombombenabwurfs auf Hiroshima:
Mit dem Abwurf der Atombombe auf die japanischen Städte Hiroshima und Nagasaki hatte ein neues Zeitalter von Kriegen mit Massenvernichtungswaffen begonnen. Erstmals war die Menschheit in der Lage, sich selbst zu vernichten. In Hiroshima starben unmittelbar 140.000 Menschen, Zehntausende leiden und sterben bis heute an den Folgen der radioaktiven Verseuchung. Mehrfach, so zum Beispiel während der Berlin- und der Kuba-Krise, während des Korea- und des Vietnam-Krieges, stand seitdem die Welt an der Schwelle eines Atomkrieges. Der Vertrag über die Nichtweiterverbreitung von Atomwaffen ist faktisch gescheitert, Abrüstungsinitiativen im Bereich strategischer Waffen blieben aus. Ohne Abrüstungsschritte der Atommächte wird die Weiterverbreitung atomarer Waffen nur schwer zu stoppen sein. Im Gegenteil: die Schwelle zum Einsatz von Atomwaffen wird heruntergesetzt. In den US-Kriegführungsstrategien spielen "verkleinerte" Atomwaffen, sogenannte "Mini-Nukes", als atomare Gefechtsfeldwaffen eine wichtige Rolle. Die Losung der Friedensbewegung "Kampf dem Atomtod" hat nichts an Aktualität verloren. Die Linkspartei.PDS tritt dafür ein:
* Deutschland muss in der Nato dafür eintreten, dass die Mitgliedsstaaten der Nato nicht als Erste atomare Waffen einsetzen; die Doktrin des atomaren Erstschlags muss vom Tisch. Außenminister Fischer hatte diese Forderung bereits 1998 erhoben, dann aber rasch einen Rückzieher gemacht.
* Der neu gewählte Deutsche Bundestag muss die USA auffordern, ihre Atomwaffen umgehend aus Deutschland abzuziehen.
* Die Bundeswehr darf an keinen strategischen Übungen der Nato teilnehmen, die den Einsatz von Atomwaffen beinhalten.
* Deutschland soll eine Initiative für ein von Atomwaffen freies Europa vom Atlantik bis zum Ural in Gang setzen.
Die Linkspartei.PDS ruft dazu auf, die Veranstaltungen der Friedensbewegung aus Anlass des 60. Jahrestages des ersten Atombombenabwurfs zu unterstützen. Die künftige Fraktion der Linkspartei im Deutschen Bundestag wird rasch parlamentarische Initiativen zur atomaren Abrüstung vorlegen.
http://sozialisten.de/presse/presseerklaerungen/view_html?zid=29255
"Kampf dem Atomtod" auch heute aktuell - US-Atomwaffen aus Deutschland abziehen
Wolfgang Gehrcke, außenpolitischer Sprecher der Linkspartei.PDS und Spitzenkandidat für die Linke Hessen zur Bundestagswahl 2005 zum 60. Jahrestag des Atombombenabwurfs auf Hiroshima:
Mit dem Abwurf der Atombombe auf die japanischen Städte Hiroshima und Nagasaki hatte ein neues Zeitalter von Kriegen mit Massenvernichtungswaffen begonnen. Erstmals war die Menschheit in der Lage, sich selbst zu vernichten. In Hiroshima starben unmittelbar 140.000 Menschen, Zehntausende leiden und sterben bis heute an den Folgen der radioaktiven Verseuchung. Mehrfach, so zum Beispiel während der Berlin- und der Kuba-Krise, während des Korea- und des Vietnam-Krieges, stand seitdem die Welt an der Schwelle eines Atomkrieges. Der Vertrag über die Nichtweiterverbreitung von Atomwaffen ist faktisch gescheitert, Abrüstungsinitiativen im Bereich strategischer Waffen blieben aus. Ohne Abrüstungsschritte der Atommächte wird die Weiterverbreitung atomarer Waffen nur schwer zu stoppen sein. Im Gegenteil: die Schwelle zum Einsatz von Atomwaffen wird heruntergesetzt. In den US-Kriegführungsstrategien spielen "verkleinerte" Atomwaffen, sogenannte "Mini-Nukes", als atomare Gefechtsfeldwaffen eine wichtige Rolle. Die Losung der Friedensbewegung "Kampf dem Atomtod" hat nichts an Aktualität verloren. Die Linkspartei.PDS tritt dafür ein:
* Deutschland muss in der Nato dafür eintreten, dass die Mitgliedsstaaten der Nato nicht als Erste atomare Waffen einsetzen; die Doktrin des atomaren Erstschlags muss vom Tisch. Außenminister Fischer hatte diese Forderung bereits 1998 erhoben, dann aber rasch einen Rückzieher gemacht.
* Der neu gewählte Deutsche Bundestag muss die USA auffordern, ihre Atomwaffen umgehend aus Deutschland abzuziehen.
* Die Bundeswehr darf an keinen strategischen Übungen der Nato teilnehmen, die den Einsatz von Atomwaffen beinhalten.
* Deutschland soll eine Initiative für ein von Atomwaffen freies Europa vom Atlantik bis zum Ural in Gang setzen.
Die Linkspartei.PDS ruft dazu auf, die Veranstaltungen der Friedensbewegung aus Anlass des 60. Jahrestages des ersten Atombombenabwurfs zu unterstützen. Die künftige Fraktion der Linkspartei im Deutschen Bundestag wird rasch parlamentarische Initiativen zur atomaren Abrüstung vorlegen.
http://sozialisten.de/presse/presseerklaerungen/view_html?zid=29255
Starmail - 4. Aug, 14:12
2
Aug
2005
Preserving a horrific moment in history
In her report on Hiroshima's Peace Museum in yesterday's THE IRISH TIMES (see below) journalist Judie Crosbie includes this shocking piece of information: "In the aftermath of the bombing . . . the US prevented academic research of diseases related to radiation effects during the occupation." Best, Imelda, Cork.
THE IRISH TIMES, MONDAY, AUGUST 1, 2005
"Preserving a horrific moment in history
JAPAN: Hiroshima's peace museum carefully documents the shocking events of the first time an atomic bomb was used against people, reports Judith Crosbie
There were only three pictures taken on the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Local newspaper photographer Yoshito Matsushige was too traumatised by what he saw on the morning of August 6th, 1945 to continue recording the first time such a weapon was used.
The pictures he did take that day betray the paralysis he felt - the images show people from behind, hiding the emotion that journalists usually try to convey. Still the horror is obvious: clothes blown from people's bodies; hair matted from the fierce blast; buildings crushed; utter confusion among the victims as they huddle together searching for an explanation for what just happened.
Sixty years on, the events of that day continue to shock. The Peace Memorial Museum and Park in Hiroshima stands as a testimony to what happened. Seconds after the bomber, the Enola Gay, offloaded its cargo over Hiroshima the bomb exploded in mid-air in a fireball some 280 metres in diameter. When it hit the ground it created an inferno that caused 13 square kilometres of total destruction. Houses were flattened, trees ripped up and concrete buildings wiped out. The ground temperature was 3,000 degrees celcius which meant anyone close to the hypocentre died in the fire.
The museum has carefully collected data to convey the unprecedented effects of the atomic bomb on the city. Pictures and models before the bombing show a bustling city of narrow streets packed with small wooden houses. After the bombing only a wasteland was left. Displays show clothes, some only tiny trousers and shorts worn by children, which were burnt on those close to the hypocentre. Exposed skin fell off like rags exposing flesh and bone. Glass bottles, ceramics, roof tiles and even sewing needles melted and were fused together.
Doctors, some themselves suffering from burns and radiation poisoning, were bewildered as to how to deal with the injured and had only basic burn treatments and herbal remedies. Some victims had horrific injuries as a result of burns or flying glass. Pictures at the museum show one man had part of his face blown off exposing his teeth and mouth. A young brother and sister showed no outward signs of physical injury but turned up to a clinic complaining of bleeding gums and diarrhoea. The silent effects of the radiation eventually killed them.
But the museum is also shocking for other reasons. The calculated reason for dropping the bomb on Hiroshima as a means of dissuading the Soviet Union from challenging the power of the US is documented in letters and telegrams from the day. Also well documented are the reasons the US chose Hiroshima and Nagasaki as there were no prisoner of war camps set up in these cities and the cities were of a sufficient size. The grim decision to drop the bomb without warning is also stressed.
In the aftermath of the bombing the British government controlled Hiroshima and restricted reporting of the event while the US prevented academic research of diseases related to radiation effects during the occupation.
The Korean victims - many of whom were labourers drafted into the war effort in the important port city of Hiroshima - are also remembered in one section of the museum, though after the bombing these victims were ignored.
The Peace Memorial park where the museum is located is littered with memorials to the bombing. The cenotaph in the centre of the park contains the names of all those known to have been killed in the bombing. The flame beneath it will be extinguished when the last nuclear weapons have been destroyed.
A monument to the tens of thousands of Koreans who suffered in the bomb was moved into the park in 1999. A children's memorial was erected in memory of the many children killed and specifically remembers Sadako Sasaki who died of leukaemia 10 years after the bombing at age 12 after struggling against her illness.
The remains of the imposing A-Bomb dome which was once a commercial centre to showcase industrial and cultural products of the city stands preserved just beyond the park. It was declared in 1996 a Unesco World Heritage site but some victims had hoped the only remaining structure of Hiroshima before the bombing would be destroyed given the painful memories it evokes. Because the bomb detonated right above the building some of the walls remained leaving the iron structure of the dome and part of the building.
The Hiroshima city government is keen not to forget August 6th, 1945. The Peace Memorial Museum and Park is seen as an important tool to teach people about the harmful effects of nuclear weapons and the city government has adopted the goal of ridding the world of such arms.
"No other people will be able to do what we are doing because we are the ones who experienced the atomic bombing. Hiroshima has a responsibility and a mission to do this," says Nobuyuki Teshima, director of the international peace promotion department.
The city arranges meetings for mayors around the world to come together and work out ways to put pressure on governments to abandon nuclear weapons.
Despite the ever-increasing danger from rogue states acquiring nuclear arms and perhaps the naivety in wishing an end to nuclear armaments, Hiroshima persists in its efforts.
Every time a nuclear weapon is tested the mayor sends a letter of protest to the country's leaders. Dozens have been sent to the US, China and France. Has Hiroshima ever received a response to the letters? "No, no direct response," admits Teshima."
© The Irish Times
THE IRISH TIMES, MONDAY, AUGUST 1, 2005
"Preserving a horrific moment in history
JAPAN: Hiroshima's peace museum carefully documents the shocking events of the first time an atomic bomb was used against people, reports Judith Crosbie
There were only three pictures taken on the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Local newspaper photographer Yoshito Matsushige was too traumatised by what he saw on the morning of August 6th, 1945 to continue recording the first time such a weapon was used.
The pictures he did take that day betray the paralysis he felt - the images show people from behind, hiding the emotion that journalists usually try to convey. Still the horror is obvious: clothes blown from people's bodies; hair matted from the fierce blast; buildings crushed; utter confusion among the victims as they huddle together searching for an explanation for what just happened.
Sixty years on, the events of that day continue to shock. The Peace Memorial Museum and Park in Hiroshima stands as a testimony to what happened. Seconds after the bomber, the Enola Gay, offloaded its cargo over Hiroshima the bomb exploded in mid-air in a fireball some 280 metres in diameter. When it hit the ground it created an inferno that caused 13 square kilometres of total destruction. Houses were flattened, trees ripped up and concrete buildings wiped out. The ground temperature was 3,000 degrees celcius which meant anyone close to the hypocentre died in the fire.
The museum has carefully collected data to convey the unprecedented effects of the atomic bomb on the city. Pictures and models before the bombing show a bustling city of narrow streets packed with small wooden houses. After the bombing only a wasteland was left. Displays show clothes, some only tiny trousers and shorts worn by children, which were burnt on those close to the hypocentre. Exposed skin fell off like rags exposing flesh and bone. Glass bottles, ceramics, roof tiles and even sewing needles melted and were fused together.
Doctors, some themselves suffering from burns and radiation poisoning, were bewildered as to how to deal with the injured and had only basic burn treatments and herbal remedies. Some victims had horrific injuries as a result of burns or flying glass. Pictures at the museum show one man had part of his face blown off exposing his teeth and mouth. A young brother and sister showed no outward signs of physical injury but turned up to a clinic complaining of bleeding gums and diarrhoea. The silent effects of the radiation eventually killed them.
But the museum is also shocking for other reasons. The calculated reason for dropping the bomb on Hiroshima as a means of dissuading the Soviet Union from challenging the power of the US is documented in letters and telegrams from the day. Also well documented are the reasons the US chose Hiroshima and Nagasaki as there were no prisoner of war camps set up in these cities and the cities were of a sufficient size. The grim decision to drop the bomb without warning is also stressed.
In the aftermath of the bombing the British government controlled Hiroshima and restricted reporting of the event while the US prevented academic research of diseases related to radiation effects during the occupation.
The Korean victims - many of whom were labourers drafted into the war effort in the important port city of Hiroshima - are also remembered in one section of the museum, though after the bombing these victims were ignored.
The Peace Memorial park where the museum is located is littered with memorials to the bombing. The cenotaph in the centre of the park contains the names of all those known to have been killed in the bombing. The flame beneath it will be extinguished when the last nuclear weapons have been destroyed.
A monument to the tens of thousands of Koreans who suffered in the bomb was moved into the park in 1999. A children's memorial was erected in memory of the many children killed and specifically remembers Sadako Sasaki who died of leukaemia 10 years after the bombing at age 12 after struggling against her illness.
The remains of the imposing A-Bomb dome which was once a commercial centre to showcase industrial and cultural products of the city stands preserved just beyond the park. It was declared in 1996 a Unesco World Heritage site but some victims had hoped the only remaining structure of Hiroshima before the bombing would be destroyed given the painful memories it evokes. Because the bomb detonated right above the building some of the walls remained leaving the iron structure of the dome and part of the building.
The Hiroshima city government is keen not to forget August 6th, 1945. The Peace Memorial Museum and Park is seen as an important tool to teach people about the harmful effects of nuclear weapons and the city government has adopted the goal of ridding the world of such arms.
"No other people will be able to do what we are doing because we are the ones who experienced the atomic bombing. Hiroshima has a responsibility and a mission to do this," says Nobuyuki Teshima, director of the international peace promotion department.
The city arranges meetings for mayors around the world to come together and work out ways to put pressure on governments to abandon nuclear weapons.
Despite the ever-increasing danger from rogue states acquiring nuclear arms and perhaps the naivety in wishing an end to nuclear armaments, Hiroshima persists in its efforts.
Every time a nuclear weapon is tested the mayor sends a letter of protest to the country's leaders. Dozens have been sent to the US, China and France. Has Hiroshima ever received a response to the letters? "No, no direct response," admits Teshima."
© The Irish Times
Starmail - 2. Aug, 10:39
1
Aug
2005
Nach Hiroshima blieb ein Lernprozess der Zivilisation aus
Die maßgebliche Erinnerungskultur ist bis heute atombombenfreundlich.
http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/20/20614/1.html
http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/20/20614/1.html
Starmail - 1. Aug, 14:28
3
Jul
2005
24
Jun
2005
7
Jun
2005
Bundesregierung will sich nicht wie versprochen für Atomwaffenabzug einsetzen
NATO: Bundesregierung will sich nicht wie versprochen für Atomwaffenabzug einsetzen (07.06.05)
Am Donnerstag und Freitag treffen sich in Brüssel die Verteidigungsminister der NATO-Staaten und die Nukleare Planungsgruppe der NATO. Doch für die rot-grüne Koalition hat die Forderung nach Abzug aller US-Atomwaffen aus Deutschland offenbar keine Dringlichkeit mehr. Dieses Resümee zog der Bundesausschuss Friedensratschlag am Dienstag. Peter Strutynski, Sprecher der pazifistischen Vereinigung verwies auf einen "Spiegel-Online"-Bericht vom Samstag. Demnach soll das Thema definitiv nicht auf die Tagesordnung der Nuklearen Planungsgruppe der NATO kommen. Auch Kontakte zu Stationierungsländern wie Italien oder Belgien seien unterblieben, schrieb "Spiegel-Online". Die Friedensbewegung sei empört, so Strutynski, schließlich hatten Verteidigungsminister Peter Struck und Außenminister Joschka Fischer diese Maßnahmen vor einem Monat versprochen. Ursprünglich war von 150 US-Atomraketen die Rede, laut "Spiegel-Online" sollen 130 davon aber schon abgezogen worden sein, da ihr Standort seit 2003 ausgebaut werde. Aber auch nach diesen Informationen befinden sich noch 20 Atomsprengköpfe in der Bundesrepublik.
Die ganze Nachricht im Internet:
http://www.ngo-online.de/ganze_nachricht.php?Nr=11201
Am Donnerstag und Freitag treffen sich in Brüssel die Verteidigungsminister der NATO-Staaten und die Nukleare Planungsgruppe der NATO. Doch für die rot-grüne Koalition hat die Forderung nach Abzug aller US-Atomwaffen aus Deutschland offenbar keine Dringlichkeit mehr. Dieses Resümee zog der Bundesausschuss Friedensratschlag am Dienstag. Peter Strutynski, Sprecher der pazifistischen Vereinigung verwies auf einen "Spiegel-Online"-Bericht vom Samstag. Demnach soll das Thema definitiv nicht auf die Tagesordnung der Nuklearen Planungsgruppe der NATO kommen. Auch Kontakte zu Stationierungsländern wie Italien oder Belgien seien unterblieben, schrieb "Spiegel-Online". Die Friedensbewegung sei empört, so Strutynski, schließlich hatten Verteidigungsminister Peter Struck und Außenminister Joschka Fischer diese Maßnahmen vor einem Monat versprochen. Ursprünglich war von 150 US-Atomraketen die Rede, laut "Spiegel-Online" sollen 130 davon aber schon abgezogen worden sein, da ihr Standort seit 2003 ausgebaut werde. Aber auch nach diesen Informationen befinden sich noch 20 Atomsprengköpfe in der Bundesrepublik.
Die ganze Nachricht im Internet:
http://www.ngo-online.de/ganze_nachricht.php?Nr=11201
Starmail - 7. Jun, 22:25
